Merge tag 'net-next-6.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net-nextgrafted

Pull networking updates from Jakub Kicinski:
 "Core:

   - Add dedicated kmem_cache for typical/small skb->head, avoid having
     to access struct page at kfree time, and improve memory use.

   - Introduce sysctl to set default RPS configuration for new netdevs.

   - Define Netlink protocol specification format which can be used to
     describe messages used by each family and auto-generate parsers.
     Add tools for generating kernel data structures and uAPI headers.

   - Expose all net/core sysctls inside netns.

   - Remove 4s sleep in netpoll if carrier is instantly detected on
     boot.

   - Add configurable limit of MDB entries per port, and port-vlan.

   - Continue populating drop reasons throughout the stack.

   - Retire a handful of legacy Qdiscs and classifiers.

  Protocols:

   - Support IPv4 big TCP (TSO frames larger than 64kB).

   - Add IP_LOCAL_PORT_RANGE socket option, to control local port range
     on socket by socket basis.

   - Track and report in procfs number of MPTCP sockets used.

   - Support mixing IPv4 and IPv6 flows in the in-kernel MPTCP path
     manager.

   - IPv6: don't check net.ipv6.route.max_size and rely on garbage
     collection to free memory (similarly to IPv4).

   - Support Penultimate Segment Pop (PSP) flavor in SRv6 (RFC8986).

   - ICMP: add per-rate limit counters.

   - Add support for user scanning requests in ieee802154.

   - Remove static WEP support.

   - Support minimal Wi-Fi 7 Extremely High Throughput (EHT) rate
     reporting.

   - WiFi 7 EHT channel puncturing support (client & AP).

  BPF:

   - Add a rbtree data structure following the "next-gen data structure"
     precedent set by recently added linked list, that is, by using
     kfunc + kptr instead of adding a new BPF map type.

   - Expose XDP hints via kfuncs with initial support for RX hash and
     timestamp metadata.

   - Add BPF_F_NO_TUNNEL_KEY extension to bpf_skb_set_tunnel_key to
     better support decap on GRE tunnel devices not operating in collect
     metadata.

   - Improve x86 JIT's codegen for PROBE_MEM runtime error checks.

   - Remove the need for trace_printk_lock for bpf_trace_printk and
     bpf_trace_vprintk helpers.

   - Extend libbpf's bpf_tracing.h support for tracing arguments of
     kprobes/uprobes and syscall as a special case.

   - Significantly reduce the search time for module symbols by
     livepatch and BPF.

   - Enable cpumasks to be used as kptrs, which is useful for tracing
     programs tracking which tasks end up running on which CPUs in
     different time intervals.

   - Add support for BPF trampoline on s390x and riscv64.

   - Add capability to export the XDP features supported by the NIC.

   - Add __bpf_kfunc tag for marking kernel functions as kfuncs.

   - Add cgroup.memory=nobpf kernel parameter option to disable BPF
     memory accounting for container environments.

  Netfilter:

   - Remove the CLUSTERIP target. It has been marked as obsolete for
     years, and we still have WARN splats wrt races of the out-of-band
     /proc interface installed by this target.

   - Add 'destroy' commands to nf_tables. They are identical to the
     existing 'delete' commands, but do not return an error if the
     referenced object (set, chain, rule...) did not exist.

  Driver API:

   - Improve cpumask_local_spread() locality to help NICs set the right
     IRQ affinity on AMD platforms.

   - Separate C22 and C45 MDIO bus transactions more clearly.

   - Introduce new DCB table to control DSCP rewrite on egress.

   - Support configuration of Physical Layer Collision Avoidance (PLCA)
     Reconciliation Sublayer (RS) (802.3cg-2019). Modern version of
     shared medium Ethernet.

   - Support for MAC Merge layer (IEEE 802.3-2018 clause 99). Allowing
     preemption of low priority frames by high priority frames.

   - Add support for controlling MACSec offload using netlink SET.

   - Rework devlink instance refcounts to allow registration and
     de-registration under the instance lock. Split the code into
     multiple files, drop some of the unnecessarily granular locks and
     factor out common parts of netlink operation handling.

   - Add TX frame aggregation parameters (for USB drivers).

   - Add a new attr TCA_EXT_WARN_MSG to report TC (offload) warning
     messages with notifications for debug.

   - Allow offloading of UDP NEW connections via act_ct.

   - Add support for per action HW stats in TC.

   - Support hardware miss to TC action (continue processing in SW from
     a specific point in the action chain).

   - Warn if old Wireless Extension user space interface is used with
     modern cfg80211/mac80211 drivers. Do not support Wireless
     Extensions for Wi-Fi 7 devices at all. Everyone should switch to
     using nl80211 interface instead.

   - Improve the CAN bit timing configuration. Use extack to return
     error messages directly to user space, update the SJW handling,
     including the definition of a new default value that will benefit
     CAN-FD controllers, by increasing their oscillator tolerance.

  New hardware / drivers:

   - Ethernet:
      - nVidia BlueField-3 support (control traffic driver)
      - Ethernet support for imx93 SoCs
      - Motorcomm yt8531 gigabit Ethernet PHY
      - onsemi NCN26000 10BASE-T1S PHY (with support for PLCA)
      - Microchip LAN8841 PHY (incl. cable diagnostics and PTP)
      - Amlogic gxl MDIO mux

   - WiFi:
      - RealTek RTL8188EU (rtl8xxxu)
      - Qualcomm Wi-Fi 7 devices (ath12k)

   - CAN:
      - Renesas R-Car V4H

  Drivers:

   - Bluetooth:
      - Set Per Platform Antenna Gain (PPAG) for Intel controllers.

   - Ethernet NICs:
      - Intel (1G, igc):
         - support TSN / Qbv / packet scheduling features of i226 model
      - Intel (100G, ice):
         - use GNSS subsystem instead of TTY
         - multi-buffer XDP support
         - extend support for GPIO pins to E823 devices
      - nVidia/Mellanox:
         - update the shared buffer configuration on PFC commands
         - implement PTP adjphase function for HW offset control
         - TC support for Geneve and GRE with VF tunnel offload
         - more efficient crypto key management method
         - multi-port eswitch support
      - Netronome/Corigine:
         - add DCB IEEE support
         - support IPsec offloading for NFP3800
      - Freescale/NXP (enetc):
         - support XDP_REDIRECT for XDP non-linear buffers
         - improve reconfig, avoid link flap and waiting for idle
         - support MAC Merge layer
      - Other NICs:
         - sfc/ef100: add basic devlink support for ef100
         - ionic: rx_push mode operation (writing descriptors via MMIO)
         - bnxt: use the auxiliary bus abstraction for RDMA
         - r8169: disable ASPM and reset bus in case of tx timeout
         - cpsw: support QSGMII mode for J721e CPSW9G
         - cpts: support pulse-per-second output
         - ngbe: add an mdio bus driver
         - usbnet: optimize usbnet_bh() by avoiding unnecessary queuing
         - r8152: handle devices with FW with NCM support
         - amd-xgbe: support 10Mbps, 2.5GbE speeds and rx-adaptation
         - virtio-net: support multi buffer XDP
         - virtio/vsock: replace virtio_vsock_pkt with sk_buff
         - tsnep: XDP support

   - Ethernet high-speed switches:
      - nVidia/Mellanox (mlxsw):
         - add support for latency TLV (in FW control messages)
      - Microchip (sparx5):
         - separate explicit and implicit traffic forwarding rules, make
           the implicit rules always active
         - add support for egress DSCP rewrite
         - IS0 VCAP support (Ingress Classification)
         - IS2 VCAP filters (protos, L3 addrs, L4 ports, flags, ToS
           etc.)
         - ES2 VCAP support (Egress Access Control)
         - support for Per-Stream Filtering and Policing (802.1Q,
           8.6.5.1)

   - Ethernet embedded switches:
      - Marvell (mv88e6xxx):
         - add MAB (port auth) offload support
         - enable PTP receive for mv88e6390
      - NXP (ocelot):
         - support MAC Merge layer
         - support for the the vsc7512 internal copper phys
      - Microchip:
         - lan9303: convert to PHYLINK
         - lan966x: support TC flower filter statistics
         - lan937x: PTP support for KSZ9563/KSZ8563 and LAN937x
         - lan937x: support Credit Based Shaper configuration
         - ksz9477: support Energy Efficient Ethernet
      - other:
         - qca8k: convert to regmap read/write API, use bulk operations
         - rswitch: Improve TX timestamp accuracy

   - Intel WiFi (iwlwifi):
      - EHT (Wi-Fi 7) rate reporting
      - STEP equalizer support: transfer some STEP (connection to radio
        on platforms with integrated wifi) related parameters from the
        BIOS to the firmware.

   - Qualcomm 802.11ax WiFi (ath11k):
      - IPQ5018 support
      - Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) responder role support
      - channel 177 support

   - MediaTek WiFi (mt76):
      - per-PHY LED support
      - mt7996: EHT (Wi-Fi 7) support
      - Wireless Ethernet Dispatch (WED) reset support
      - switch to using page pool allocator

   - RealTek WiFi (rtw89):
      - support new version of Bluetooth co-existance

   - Mobile:
      - rmnet: support TX aggregation"

* tag 'net-next-6.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net-next: (1872 commits)
  page_pool: add a comment explaining the fragment counter usage
  net: ethtool: fix __ethtool_dev_mm_supported() implementation
  ethtool: pse-pd: Fix double word in comments
  xsk: add linux/vmalloc.h to xsk.c
  sefltests: netdevsim: wait for devlink instance after netns removal
  selftest: fib_tests: Always cleanup before exit
  net/mlx5e: Align IPsec ASO result memory to be as required by hardware
  net/mlx5e: TC, Set CT miss to the specific ct action instance
  net/mlx5e: Rename CHAIN_TO_REG to MAPPED_OBJ_TO_REG
  net/mlx5: Refactor tc miss handling to a single function
  net/mlx5: Kconfig: Make tc offload depend on tc skb extension
  net/sched: flower: Support hardware miss to tc action
  net/sched: flower: Move filter handle initialization earlier
  net/sched: cls_api: Support hardware miss to tc action
  net/sched: Rename user cookie and act cookie
  sfc: fix builds without CONFIG_RTC_LIB
  sfc: clean up some inconsistent indentings
  net/mlx4_en: Introduce flexible array to silence overflow warning
  net: lan966x: Fix possible deadlock inside PTP
  net/ulp: Remove redundant ->clone() test in inet_clone_ulp().
  ...

1 files changed, 788 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Documentation/trace/kprobes.rst b/Documentation/trace/kprobes.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc7ce76ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/trace/kprobes.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,788 @@
+=======================
+Kernel Probes (Kprobes)
+=======================
+
+:Author: Jim Keniston <jkenisto@us.ibm.com>
+:Author: Prasanna S Panchamukhi <prasanna.panchamukhi@gmail.com>
+:Author: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@redhat.com>
+
+.. CONTENTS
+
+  1. Concepts: Kprobes, and Return Probes
+  2. Architectures Supported
+  3. Configuring Kprobes
+  4. API Reference
+  5. Kprobes Features and Limitations
+  6. Probe Overhead
+  7. TODO
+  8. Kprobes Example
+  9. Kretprobes Example
+  10. Deprecated Features
+  Appendix A: The kprobes debugfs interface
+  Appendix B: The kprobes sysctl interface
+  Appendix C: References
+
+Concepts: Kprobes and Return Probes
+=========================================
+
+Kprobes enables you to dynamically break into any kernel routine and
+collect debugging and performance information non-disruptively. You
+can trap at almost any kernel code address [1]_, specifying a handler
+routine to be invoked when the breakpoint is hit.
+
+.. [1] some parts of the kernel code can not be trapped, see
+       :ref:`kprobes_blacklist`)
+
+There are currently two types of probes: kprobes, and kretprobes
+(also called return probes).  A kprobe can be inserted on virtually
+any instruction in the kernel.  A return probe fires when a specified
+function returns.
+
+In the typical case, Kprobes-based instrumentation is packaged as
+a kernel module.  The module's init function installs ("registers")
+one or more probes, and the exit function unregisters them.  A
+registration function such as register_kprobe() specifies where
+the probe is to be inserted and what handler is to be called when
+the probe is hit.
+
+There are also ``register_/unregister_*probes()`` functions for batch
+registration/unregistration of a group of ``*probes``. These functions
+can speed up unregistration process when you have to unregister
+a lot of probes at once.
+
+The next four subsections explain how the different types of
+probes work and how jump optimization works.  They explain certain
+things that you'll need to know in order to make the best use of
+Kprobes -- e.g., the difference between a pre_handler and
+a post_handler, and how to use the maxactive and nmissed fields of
+a kretprobe.  But if you're in a hurry to start using Kprobes, you
+can skip ahead to :ref:`kprobes_archs_supported`.
+
+How Does a Kprobe Work?
+-----------------------
+
+When a kprobe is registered, Kprobes makes a copy of the probed
+instruction and replaces the first byte(s) of the probed instruction
+with a breakpoint instruction (e.g., int3 on i386 and x86_64).
+
+When a CPU hits the breakpoint instruction, a trap occurs, the CPU's
+registers are saved, and control passes to Kprobes via the
+notifier_call_chain mechanism.  Kprobes executes the "pre_handler"
+associated with the kprobe, passing the handler the addresses of the
+kprobe struct and the saved registers.
+
+Next, Kprobes single-steps its copy of the probed instruction.
+(It would be simpler to single-step the actual instruction in place,
+but then Kprobes would have to temporarily remove the breakpoint
+instruction.  This would open a small time window when another CPU
+could sail right past the probepoint.)
+
+After the instruction is single-stepped, Kprobes executes the
+"post_handler," if any, that is associated with the kprobe.
+Execution then continues with the instruction following the probepoint.
+
+Changing Execution Path
+-----------------------
+
+Since kprobes can probe into a running kernel code, it can change the
+register set, including instruction pointer. This operation requires
+maximum care, such as keeping the stack frame, recovering the execution
+path etc. Since it operates on a running kernel and needs deep knowledge
+of computer architecture and concurrent computing, you can easily shoot
+your foot.
+
+If you change the instruction pointer (and set up other related
+registers) in pre_handler, you must return !0 so that kprobes stops
+single stepping and just returns to the given address.
+This also means post_handler should not be called anymore.
+
+Note that this operation may be harder on some architectures which use
+TOC (Table of Contents) for function call, since you have to setup a new
+TOC for your function in your module, and recover the old one after
+returning from it.
+
+Return Probes
+-------------
+
+How Does a Return Probe Work?
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+When you call register_kretprobe(), Kprobes establishes a kprobe at
+the entry to the function.  When the probed function is called and this
+probe is hit, Kprobes saves a copy of the return address, and replaces
+the return address with the address of a "trampoline."  The trampoline
+is an arbitrary piece of code -- typically just a nop instruction.
+At boot time, Kprobes registers a kprobe at the trampoline.
+
+When the probed function executes its return instruction, control
+passes to the trampoline and that probe is hit.  Kprobes' trampoline
+handler calls the user-specified return handler associated with the
+kretprobe, then sets the saved instruction pointer to the saved return
+address, and that's where execution resumes upon return from the trap.
+
+While the probed function is executing, its return address is
+stored in an object of type kretprobe_instance.  Before calling
+register_kretprobe(), the user sets the maxactive field of the
+kretprobe struct to specify how many instances of the specified
+function can be probed simultaneously.  register_kretprobe()
+pre-allocates the indicated number of kretprobe_instance objects.
+
+For example, if the function is non-recursive and is called with a
+spinlock held, maxactive = 1 should be enough.  If the function is
+non-recursive and can never relinquish the CPU (e.g., via a semaphore
+or preemption), NR_CPUS should be enough.  If maxactive <= 0, it is
+set to a default value: max(10, 2*NR_CPUS).
+
+It's not a disaster if you set maxactive too low; you'll just miss
+some probes.  In the kretprobe struct, the nmissed field is set to
+zero when the return probe is registered, and is incremented every
+time the probed function is entered but there is no kretprobe_instance
+object available for establishing the return probe.
+
+Kretprobe entry-handler
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Kretprobes also provides an optional user-specified handler which runs
+on function entry. This handler is specified by setting the entry_handler
+field of the kretprobe struct. Whenever the kprobe placed by kretprobe at the
+function entry is hit, the user-defined entry_handler, if any, is invoked.
+If the entry_handler returns 0 (success) then a corresponding return handler
+is guaranteed to be called upon function return. If the entry_handler
+returns a non-zero error then Kprobes leaves the return address as is, and
+the kretprobe has no further effect for that particular function instance.
+
+Multiple entry and return handler invocations are matched using the unique
+kretprobe_instance object associated with them. Additionally, a user
+may also specify per return-instance private data to be part of each
+kretprobe_instance object. This is especially useful when sharing private
+data between corresponding user entry and return handlers. The size of each
+private data object can be specified at kretprobe registration time by
+setting the data_size field of the kretprobe struct. This data can be
+accessed through the data field of each kretprobe_instance object.
+
+In case probed function is entered but there is no kretprobe_instance
+object available, then in addition to incrementing the nmissed count,
+the user entry_handler invocation is also skipped.
+
+.. _kprobes_jump_optimization:
+
+How Does Jump Optimization Work?
+--------------------------------
+
+If your kernel is built with CONFIG_OPTPROBES=y (currently this flag
+is automatically set 'y' on x86/x86-64, non-preemptive kernel) and
+the "debug.kprobes_optimization" kernel parameter is set to 1 (see
+sysctl(8)), Kprobes tries to reduce probe-hit overhead by using a jump
+instruction instead of a breakpoint instruction at each probepoint.
+
+Init a Kprobe
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+When a probe is registered, before attempting this optimization,
+Kprobes inserts an ordinary, breakpoint-based kprobe at the specified
+address. So, even if it's not possible to optimize this particular
+probepoint, there'll be a probe there.
+
+Safety Check
+^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Before optimizing a probe, Kprobes performs the following safety checks:
+
+- Kprobes verifies that the region that will be replaced by the jump
+  instruction (the "optimized region") lies entirely within one function.
+  (A jump instruction is multiple bytes, and so may overlay multiple
+  instructions.)
+
+- Kprobes analyzes the entire function and verifies that there is no
+  jump into the optimized region.  Specifically:
+
+  - the function contains no indirect jump;
+  - the function contains no instruction that causes an exception (since
+    the fixup code triggered by the exception could jump back into the
+    optimized region -- Kprobes checks the exception tables to verify this);
+  - there is no near jump to the optimized region (other than to the first
+    byte).
+
+- For each instruction in the optimized region, Kprobes verifies that
+  the instruction can be executed out of line.
+
+Preparing Detour Buffer
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Next, Kprobes prepares a "detour" buffer, which contains the following
+instruction sequence:
+
+- code to push the CPU's registers (emulating a breakpoint trap)
+- a call to the trampoline code which calls user's probe handlers.
+- code to restore registers
+- the instructions from the optimized region
+- a jump back to the original execution path.
+
+Pre-optimization
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+After preparing the detour buffer, Kprobes verifies that none of the
+following situations exist:
+
+- The probe has a post_handler.
+- Other instructions in the optimized region are probed.
+- The probe is disabled.
+
+In any of the above cases, Kprobes won't start optimizing the probe.
+Since these are temporary situations, Kprobes tries to start
+optimizing it again if the situation is changed.
+
+If the kprobe can be optimized, Kprobes enqueues the kprobe to an
+optimizing list, and kicks the kprobe-optimizer workqueue to optimize
+it.  If the to-be-optimized probepoint is hit before being optimized,
+Kprobes returns control to the original instruction path by setting
+the CPU's instruction pointer to the copied code in the detour buffer
+-- thus at least avoiding the single-step.
+
+Optimization
+^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The Kprobe-optimizer doesn't insert the jump instruction immediately;
+rather, it calls synchronize_rcu() for safety first, because it's
+possible for a CPU to be interrupted in the middle of executing the
+optimized region [3]_.  As you know, synchronize_rcu() can ensure
+that all interruptions that were active when synchronize_rcu()
+was called are done, but only if CONFIG_PREEMPT=n.  So, this version
+of kprobe optimization supports only kernels with CONFIG_PREEMPT=n [4]_.
+
+After that, the Kprobe-optimizer calls stop_machine() to replace
+the optimized region with a jump instruction to the detour buffer,
+using text_poke_smp().
+
+Unoptimization
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+When an optimized kprobe is unregistered, disabled, or blocked by
+another kprobe, it will be unoptimized.  If this happens before
+the optimization is complete, the kprobe is just dequeued from the
+optimized list.  If the optimization has been done, the jump is
+replaced with the original code (except for an int3 breakpoint in
+the first byte) by using text_poke_smp().
+
+.. [3] Please imagine that the 2nd instruction is interrupted and then
+   the optimizer replaces the 2nd instruction with the jump *address*
+   while the interrupt handler is running. When the interrupt
+   returns to original address, there is no valid instruction,
+   and it causes an unexpected result.
+
+.. [4] This optimization-safety checking may be replaced with the
+   stop-machine method that ksplice uses for supporting a CONFIG_PREEMPT=y
+   kernel.
+
+NOTE for geeks:
+The jump optimization changes the kprobe's pre_handler behavior.
+Without optimization, the pre_handler can change the kernel's execution
+path by changing regs->ip and returning 1.  However, when the probe
+is optimized, that modification is ignored.  Thus, if you want to
+tweak the kernel's execution path, you need to suppress optimization,
+using one of the following techniques:
+
+- Specify an empty function for the kprobe's post_handler.
+
+or
+
+- Execute 'sysctl -w debug.kprobes_optimization=n'
+
+.. _kprobes_blacklist:
+
+Blacklist
+---------
+
+Kprobes can probe most of the kernel except itself. This means
+that there are some functions where kprobes cannot probe. Probing
+(trapping) such functions can cause a recursive trap (e.g. double
+fault) or the nested probe handler may never be called.
+Kprobes manages such functions as a blacklist.
+If you want to add a function into the blacklist, you just need
+to (1) include linux/kprobes.h and (2) use NOKPROBE_SYMBOL() macro
+to specify a blacklisted function.
+Kprobes checks the given probe address against the blacklist and
+rejects registering it, if the given address is in the blacklist.
+
+.. _kprobes_archs_supported:
+
+Architectures Supported
+=======================
+
+Kprobes and return probes are implemented on the following
+architectures:
+
+- i386 (Supports jump optimization)
+- x86_64 (AMD-64, EM64T) (Supports jump optimization)
+- ppc64
+- ia64 (Does not support probes on instruction slot1.)
+- sparc64 (Return probes not yet implemented.)
+- arm
+- ppc
+- mips
+- s390
+- parisc
+
+Configuring Kprobes
+===================
+
+When configuring the kernel using make menuconfig/xconfig/oldconfig,
+ensure that CONFIG_KPROBES is set to "y", look for "Kprobes" under
+"General architecture-dependent options".
+
+So that you can load and unload Kprobes-based instrumentation modules,
+make sure "Loadable module support" (CONFIG_MODULES) and "Module
+unloading" (CONFIG_MODULE_UNLOAD) are set to "y".
+
+Also make sure that CONFIG_KALLSYMS and perhaps even CONFIG_KALLSYMS_ALL
+are set to "y", since kallsyms_lookup_name() is used by the in-kernel
+kprobe address resolution code.
+
+If you need to insert a probe in the middle of a function, you may find
+it useful to "Compile the kernel with debug info" (CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO),
+so you can use "objdump -d -l vmlinux" to see the source-to-object
+code mapping.
+
+API Reference
+=============
+
+The Kprobes API includes a "register" function and an "unregister"
+function for each type of probe. The API also includes "register_*probes"
+and "unregister_*probes" functions for (un)registering arrays of probes.
+Here are terse, mini-man-page specifications for these functions and
+the associated probe handlers that you'll write. See the files in the
+samples/kprobes/ sub-directory for examples.
+
+register_kprobe
+---------------
+
+::
+
+	#include <linux/kprobes.h>
+	int register_kprobe(struct kprobe *kp);
+
+Sets a breakpoint at the address kp->addr.  When the breakpoint is hit, Kprobes
+calls kp->pre_handler.  After the probed instruction is single-stepped, Kprobe
+calls kp->post_handler.  Any or all handlers can be NULL. If kp->flags is set
+KPROBE_FLAG_DISABLED, that kp will be registered but disabled, so, its handlers
+aren't hit until calling enable_kprobe(kp).
+
+.. note::
+
+   1. With the introduction of the "symbol_name" field to struct kprobe,
+      the probepoint address resolution will now be taken care of by the kernel.
+      The following will now work::
+
+	kp.symbol_name = "symbol_name";
+
+      (64-bit powerpc intricacies such as function descriptors are handled
+      transparently)
+
+   2. Use the "offset" field of struct kprobe if the offset into the symbol
+      to install a probepoint is known. This field is used to calculate the
+      probepoint.
+
+   3. Specify either the kprobe "symbol_name" OR the "addr". If both are
+      specified, kprobe registration will fail with -EINVAL.
+
+   4. With CISC architectures (such as i386 and x86_64), the kprobes code
+      does not validate if the kprobe.addr is at an instruction boundary.
+      Use "offset" with caution.
+
+register_kprobe() returns 0 on success, or a negative errno otherwise.
+
+User's pre-handler (kp->pre_handler)::
+
+	#include <linux/kprobes.h>
+	#include <linux/ptrace.h>
+	int pre_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs);
+
+Called with p pointing to the kprobe associated with the breakpoint,
+and regs pointing to the struct containing the registers saved when
+the breakpoint was hit.  Return 0 here unless you're a Kprobes geek.
+
+User's post-handler (kp->post_handler)::
+
+	#include <linux/kprobes.h>
+	#include <linux/ptrace.h>
+	void post_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs,
+			  unsigned long flags);
+
+p and regs are as described for the pre_handler.  flags always seems
+to be zero.
+
+register_kretprobe
+------------------
+
+::
+
+	#include <linux/kprobes.h>
+	int register_kretprobe(struct kretprobe *rp);
+
+Establishes a return probe for the function whose address is
+rp->kp.addr.  When that function returns, Kprobes calls rp->handler.
+You must set rp->maxactive appropriately before you call
+register_kretprobe(); see "How Does a Return Probe Work?" for details.
+
+register_kretprobe() returns 0 on success, or a negative errno
+otherwise.
+
+User's return-probe handler (rp->handler)::
+
+	#include <linux/kprobes.h>
+	#include <linux/ptrace.h>
+	int kretprobe_handler(struct kretprobe_instance *ri,
+			      struct pt_regs *regs);
+
+regs is as described for kprobe.pre_handler.  ri points to the
+kretprobe_instance object, of which the following fields may be
+of interest:
+
+- ret_addr: the return address
+- rp: points to the corresponding kretprobe object
+- task: points to the corresponding task struct
+- data: points to per return-instance private data; see "Kretprobe
+	entry-handler" for details.
+
+The regs_return_value(regs) macro provides a simple abstraction to
+extract the return value from the appropriate register as defined by
+the architecture's ABI.
+
+The handler's return value is currently ignored.
+
+unregister_*probe
+------------------
+
+::
+
+	#include <linux/kprobes.h>
+	void unregister_kprobe(struct kprobe *kp);
+	void unregister_kretprobe(struct kretprobe *rp);
+
+Removes the specified probe.  The unregister function can be called
+at any time after the probe has been registered.
+
+.. note::
+
+   If the functions find an incorrect probe (ex. an unregistered probe),
+   they clear the addr field of the probe.
+
+register_*probes
+----------------
+
+::
+
+	#include <linux/kprobes.h>
+	int register_kprobes(struct kprobe **kps, int num);
+	int register_kretprobes(struct kretprobe **rps, int num);
+
+Registers each of the num probes in the specified array.  If any
+error occurs during registration, all probes in the array, up to
+the bad probe, are safely unregistered before the register_*probes
+function returns.
+
+- kps/rps: an array of pointers to ``*probe`` data structures
+- num: the number of the array entries.
+
+.. note::
+
+   You have to allocate(or define) an array of pointers and set all
+   of the array entries before using these functions.
+
+unregister_*probes
+------------------
+
+::
+
+	#include <linux/kprobes.h>
+	void unregister_kprobes(struct kprobe **kps, int num);
+	void unregister_kretprobes(struct kretprobe **rps, int num);
+
+Removes each of the num probes in the specified array at once.
+
+.. note::
+
+   If the functions find some incorrect probes (ex. unregistered
+   probes) in the specified array, they clear the addr field of those
+   incorrect probes. However, other probes in the array are
+   unregistered correctly.
+
+disable_*probe
+--------------
+
+::
+
+	#include <linux/kprobes.h>
+	int disable_kprobe(struct kprobe *kp);
+	int disable_kretprobe(struct kretprobe *rp);
+
+Temporarily disables the specified ``*probe``. You can enable it again by using
+enable_*probe(). You must specify the probe which has been registered.
+
+enable_*probe
+-------------
+
+::
+
+	#include <linux/kprobes.h>
+	int enable_kprobe(struct kprobe *kp);
+	int enable_kretprobe(struct kretprobe *rp);
+
+Enables ``*probe`` which has been disabled by disable_*probe(). You must specify
+the probe which has been registered.
+
+Kprobes Features and Limitations
+================================
+
+Kprobes allows multiple probes at the same address. Also,
+a probepoint for which there is a post_handler cannot be optimized.
+So if you install a kprobe with a post_handler, at an optimized
+probepoint, the probepoint will be unoptimized automatically.
+
+In general, you can install a probe anywhere in the kernel.
+In particular, you can probe interrupt handlers.  Known exceptions
+are discussed in this section.
+
+The register_*probe functions will return -EINVAL if you attempt
+to install a probe in the code that implements Kprobes (mostly
+kernel/kprobes.c and ``arch/*/kernel/kprobes.c``, but also functions such
+as do_page_fault and notifier_call_chain).
+
+If you install a probe in an inline-able function, Kprobes makes
+no attempt to chase down all inline instances of the function and
+install probes there.  gcc may inline a function without being asked,
+so keep this in mind if you're not seeing the probe hits you expect.
+
+A probe handler can modify the environment of the probed function
+-- e.g., by modifying kernel data structures, or by modifying the
+contents of the pt_regs struct (which are restored to the registers
+upon return from the breakpoint).  So Kprobes can be used, for example,
+to install a bug fix or to inject faults for testing.  Kprobes, of
+course, has no way to distinguish the deliberately injected faults
+from the accidental ones.  Don't drink and probe.
+
+Kprobes makes no attempt to prevent probe handlers from stepping on
+each other -- e.g., probing printk() and then calling printk() from a
+probe handler.  If a probe handler hits a probe, that second probe's
+handlers won't be run in that instance, and the kprobe.nmissed member
+of the second probe will be incremented.
+
+As of Linux v2.6.15-rc1, multiple handlers (or multiple instances of
+the same handler) may run concurrently on different CPUs.
+
+Kprobes does not use mutexes or allocate memory except during
+registration and unregistration.
+
+Probe handlers are run with preemption disabled or interrupt disabled,
+which depends on the architecture and optimization state.  (e.g.,
+kretprobe handlers and optimized kprobe handlers run without interrupt
+disabled on x86/x86-64).  In any case, your handler should not yield
+the CPU (e.g., by attempting to acquire a semaphore, or waiting I/O).
+
+Since a return probe is implemented by replacing the return
+address with the trampoline's address, stack backtraces and calls
+to __builtin_return_address() will typically yield the trampoline's
+address instead of the real return address for kretprobed functions.
+(As far as we can tell, __builtin_return_address() is used only
+for instrumentation and error reporting.)
+
+If the number of times a function is called does not match the number
+of times it returns, registering a return probe on that function may
+produce undesirable results. In such a case, a line:
+kretprobe BUG!: Processing kretprobe d000000000041aa8 @ c00000000004f48c
+gets printed. With this information, one will be able to correlate the
+exact instance of the kretprobe that caused the problem. We have the
+do_exit() case covered. do_execve() and do_fork() are not an issue.
+We're unaware of other specific cases where this could be a problem.
+
+If, upon entry to or exit from a function, the CPU is running on
+a stack other than that of the current task, registering a return
+probe on that function may produce undesirable results.  For this
+reason, Kprobes doesn't support return probes (or kprobes)
+on the x86_64 version of __switch_to(); the registration functions
+return -EINVAL.
+
+On x86/x86-64, since the Jump Optimization of Kprobes modifies
+instructions widely, there are some limitations to optimization. To
+explain it, we introduce some terminology. Imagine a 3-instruction
+sequence consisting of a two 2-byte instructions and one 3-byte
+instruction.
+
+::
+
+		IA
+		|
+	[-2][-1][0][1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
+		[ins1][ins2][  ins3 ]
+		[<-     DCR       ->]
+		[<- JTPR ->]
+
+	ins1: 1st Instruction
+	ins2: 2nd Instruction
+	ins3: 3rd Instruction
+	IA:  Insertion Address
+	JTPR: Jump Target Prohibition Region
+	DCR: Detoured Code Region
+
+The instructions in DCR are copied to the out-of-line buffer
+of the kprobe, because the bytes in DCR are replaced by
+a 5-byte jump instruction. So there are several limitations.
+
+a) The instructions in DCR must be relocatable.
+b) The instructions in DCR must not include a call instruction.
+c) JTPR must not be targeted by any jump or call instruction.
+d) DCR must not straddle the border between functions.
+
+Anyway, these limitations are checked by the in-kernel instruction
+decoder, so you don't need to worry about that.
+
+Probe Overhead
+==============
+
+On a typical CPU in use in 2005, a kprobe hit takes 0.5 to 1.0
+microseconds to process.  Specifically, a benchmark that hits the same
+probepoint repeatedly, firing a simple handler each time, reports 1-2
+million hits per second, depending on the architecture.  A return-probe
+hit typically takes 50-75% longer than a kprobe hit.
+When you have a return probe set on a function, adding a kprobe at
+the entry to that function adds essentially no overhead.
+
+Here are sample overhead figures (in usec) for different architectures::
+
+  k = kprobe; r = return probe; kr = kprobe + return probe
+  on same function
+
+  i386: Intel Pentium M, 1495 MHz, 2957.31 bogomips
+  k = 0.57 usec; r = 0.92; kr = 0.99
+
+  x86_64: AMD Opteron 246, 1994 MHz, 3971.48 bogomips
+  k = 0.49 usec; r = 0.80; kr = 0.82
+
+  ppc64: POWER5 (gr), 1656 MHz (SMT disabled, 1 virtual CPU per physical CPU)
+  k = 0.77 usec; r = 1.26; kr = 1.45
+
+Optimized Probe Overhead
+------------------------
+
+Typically, an optimized kprobe hit takes 0.07 to 0.1 microseconds to
+process. Here are sample overhead figures (in usec) for x86 architectures::
+
+  k = unoptimized kprobe, b = boosted (single-step skipped), o = optimized kprobe,
+  r = unoptimized kretprobe, rb = boosted kretprobe, ro = optimized kretprobe.
+
+  i386: Intel(R) Xeon(R) E5410, 2.33GHz, 4656.90 bogomips
+  k = 0.80 usec; b = 0.33; o = 0.05; r = 1.10; rb = 0.61; ro = 0.33
+
+  x86-64: Intel(R) Xeon(R) E5410, 2.33GHz, 4656.90 bogomips
+  k = 0.99 usec; b = 0.43; o = 0.06; r = 1.24; rb = 0.68; ro = 0.30
+
+TODO
+====
+
+a. SystemTap (http://sourceware.org/systemtap): Provides a simplified
+   programming interface for probe-based instrumentation.  Try it out.
+b. Kernel return probes for sparc64.
+c. Support for other architectures.
+d. User-space probes.
+e. Watchpoint probes (which fire on data references).
+
+Kprobes Example
+===============
+
+See samples/kprobes/kprobe_example.c
+
+Kretprobes Example
+==================
+
+See samples/kprobes/kretprobe_example.c
+
+Deprecated Features
+===================
+
+Jprobes is now a deprecated feature. People who are depending on it should
+migrate to other tracing features or use older kernels. Please consider to
+migrate your tool to one of the following options:
+
+- Use trace-event to trace target function with arguments.
+
+  trace-event is a low-overhead (and almost no visible overhead if it
+  is off) statically defined event interface. You can define new events
+  and trace it via ftrace or any other tracing tools.
+
+  See the following urls:
+
+    - https://lwn.net/Articles/379903/
+    - https://lwn.net/Articles/381064/
+    - https://lwn.net/Articles/383362/
+
+- Use ftrace dynamic events (kprobe event) with perf-probe.
+
+  If you build your kernel with debug info (CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO=y), you can
+  find which register/stack is assigned to which local variable or arguments
+  by using perf-probe and set up new event to trace it.
+
+  See following documents:
+
+  - Documentation/trace/kprobetrace.rst
+  - Documentation/trace/events.rst
+  - tools/perf/Documentation/perf-probe.txt
+
+
+The kprobes debugfs interface
+=============================
+
+
+With recent kernels (> 2.6.20) the list of registered kprobes is visible
+under the /sys/kernel/debug/kprobes/ directory (assuming debugfs is mounted at //sys/kernel/debug).
+
+/sys/kernel/debug/kprobes/list: Lists all registered probes on the system::
+
+	c015d71a  k  vfs_read+0x0
+	c03dedc5  r  tcp_v4_rcv+0x0
+
+The first column provides the kernel address where the probe is inserted.
+The second column identifies the type of probe (k - kprobe and r - kretprobe)
+while the third column specifies the symbol+offset of the probe.
+If the probed function belongs to a module, the module name is also
+specified. Following columns show probe status. If the probe is on
+a virtual address that is no longer valid (module init sections, module
+virtual addresses that correspond to modules that've been unloaded),
+such probes are marked with [GONE]. If the probe is temporarily disabled,
+such probes are marked with [DISABLED]. If the probe is optimized, it is
+marked with [OPTIMIZED]. If the probe is ftrace-based, it is marked with
+[FTRACE].
+
+/sys/kernel/debug/kprobes/enabled: Turn kprobes ON/OFF forcibly.
+
+Provides a knob to globally and forcibly turn registered kprobes ON or OFF.
+By default, all kprobes are enabled. By echoing "0" to this file, all
+registered probes will be disarmed, till such time a "1" is echoed to this
+file. Note that this knob just disarms and arms all kprobes and doesn't
+change each probe's disabling state. This means that disabled kprobes (marked
+[DISABLED]) will be not enabled if you turn ON all kprobes by this knob.
+
+
+The kprobes sysctl interface
+============================
+
+/proc/sys/debug/kprobes-optimization: Turn kprobes optimization ON/OFF.
+
+When CONFIG_OPTPROBES=y, this sysctl interface appears and it provides
+a knob to globally and forcibly turn jump optimization (see section
+:ref:`kprobes_jump_optimization`) ON or OFF. By default, jump optimization
+is allowed (ON). If you echo "0" to this file or set
+"debug.kprobes_optimization" to 0 via sysctl, all optimized probes will be
+unoptimized, and any new probes registered after that will not be optimized.
+
+Note that this knob *changes* the optimized state. This means that optimized
+probes (marked [OPTIMIZED]) will be unoptimized ([OPTIMIZED] tag will be
+removed). If the knob is turned on, they will be optimized again.
+
+References
+==========
+
+For additional information on Kprobes, refer to the following URLs:
+
+- https://lwn.net/Articles/132196/
+- https://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2006/ols2006v2-pages-109-124.pdf
+