From 5b7c4cabbb65f5c469464da6c5f614cbd7f730f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linus Torvalds Date: Tue, 21 Feb 2023 18:24:12 -0800 Subject: Merge tag 'net-next-6.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net-next Pull networking updates from Jakub Kicinski: "Core: - Add dedicated kmem_cache for typical/small skb->head, avoid having to access struct page at kfree time, and improve memory use. - Introduce sysctl to set default RPS configuration for new netdevs. - Define Netlink protocol specification format which can be used to describe messages used by each family and auto-generate parsers. Add tools for generating kernel data structures and uAPI headers. - Expose all net/core sysctls inside netns. - Remove 4s sleep in netpoll if carrier is instantly detected on boot. - Add configurable limit of MDB entries per port, and port-vlan. - Continue populating drop reasons throughout the stack. - Retire a handful of legacy Qdiscs and classifiers. Protocols: - Support IPv4 big TCP (TSO frames larger than 64kB). - Add IP_LOCAL_PORT_RANGE socket option, to control local port range on socket by socket basis. - Track and report in procfs number of MPTCP sockets used. - Support mixing IPv4 and IPv6 flows in the in-kernel MPTCP path manager. - IPv6: don't check net.ipv6.route.max_size and rely on garbage collection to free memory (similarly to IPv4). - Support Penultimate Segment Pop (PSP) flavor in SRv6 (RFC8986). - ICMP: add per-rate limit counters. - Add support for user scanning requests in ieee802154. - Remove static WEP support. - Support minimal Wi-Fi 7 Extremely High Throughput (EHT) rate reporting. - WiFi 7 EHT channel puncturing support (client & AP). BPF: - Add a rbtree data structure following the "next-gen data structure" precedent set by recently added linked list, that is, by using kfunc + kptr instead of adding a new BPF map type. - Expose XDP hints via kfuncs with initial support for RX hash and timestamp metadata. - Add BPF_F_NO_TUNNEL_KEY extension to bpf_skb_set_tunnel_key to better support decap on GRE tunnel devices not operating in collect metadata. - Improve x86 JIT's codegen for PROBE_MEM runtime error checks. - Remove the need for trace_printk_lock for bpf_trace_printk and bpf_trace_vprintk helpers. - Extend libbpf's bpf_tracing.h support for tracing arguments of kprobes/uprobes and syscall as a special case. - Significantly reduce the search time for module symbols by livepatch and BPF. - Enable cpumasks to be used as kptrs, which is useful for tracing programs tracking which tasks end up running on which CPUs in different time intervals. - Add support for BPF trampoline on s390x and riscv64. - Add capability to export the XDP features supported by the NIC. - Add __bpf_kfunc tag for marking kernel functions as kfuncs. - Add cgroup.memory=nobpf kernel parameter option to disable BPF memory accounting for container environments. Netfilter: - Remove the CLUSTERIP target. It has been marked as obsolete for years, and we still have WARN splats wrt races of the out-of-band /proc interface installed by this target. - Add 'destroy' commands to nf_tables. They are identical to the existing 'delete' commands, but do not return an error if the referenced object (set, chain, rule...) did not exist. Driver API: - Improve cpumask_local_spread() locality to help NICs set the right IRQ affinity on AMD platforms. - Separate C22 and C45 MDIO bus transactions more clearly. - Introduce new DCB table to control DSCP rewrite on egress. - Support configuration of Physical Layer Collision Avoidance (PLCA) Reconciliation Sublayer (RS) (802.3cg-2019). Modern version of shared medium Ethernet. - Support for MAC Merge layer (IEEE 802.3-2018 clause 99). Allowing preemption of low priority frames by high priority frames. - Add support for controlling MACSec offload using netlink SET. - Rework devlink instance refcounts to allow registration and de-registration under the instance lock. Split the code into multiple files, drop some of the unnecessarily granular locks and factor out common parts of netlink operation handling. - Add TX frame aggregation parameters (for USB drivers). - Add a new attr TCA_EXT_WARN_MSG to report TC (offload) warning messages with notifications for debug. - Allow offloading of UDP NEW connections via act_ct. - Add support for per action HW stats in TC. - Support hardware miss to TC action (continue processing in SW from a specific point in the action chain). - Warn if old Wireless Extension user space interface is used with modern cfg80211/mac80211 drivers. Do not support Wireless Extensions for Wi-Fi 7 devices at all. Everyone should switch to using nl80211 interface instead. - Improve the CAN bit timing configuration. Use extack to return error messages directly to user space, update the SJW handling, including the definition of a new default value that will benefit CAN-FD controllers, by increasing their oscillator tolerance. New hardware / drivers: - Ethernet: - nVidia BlueField-3 support (control traffic driver) - Ethernet support for imx93 SoCs - Motorcomm yt8531 gigabit Ethernet PHY - onsemi NCN26000 10BASE-T1S PHY (with support for PLCA) - Microchip LAN8841 PHY (incl. cable diagnostics and PTP) - Amlogic gxl MDIO mux - WiFi: - RealTek RTL8188EU (rtl8xxxu) - Qualcomm Wi-Fi 7 devices (ath12k) - CAN: - Renesas R-Car V4H Drivers: - Bluetooth: - Set Per Platform Antenna Gain (PPAG) for Intel controllers. - Ethernet NICs: - Intel (1G, igc): - support TSN / Qbv / packet scheduling features of i226 model - Intel (100G, ice): - use GNSS subsystem instead of TTY - multi-buffer XDP support - extend support for GPIO pins to E823 devices - nVidia/Mellanox: - update the shared buffer configuration on PFC commands - implement PTP adjphase function for HW offset control - TC support for Geneve and GRE with VF tunnel offload - more efficient crypto key management method - multi-port eswitch support - Netronome/Corigine: - add DCB IEEE support - support IPsec offloading for NFP3800 - Freescale/NXP (enetc): - support XDP_REDIRECT for XDP non-linear buffers - improve reconfig, avoid link flap and waiting for idle - support MAC Merge layer - Other NICs: - sfc/ef100: add basic devlink support for ef100 - ionic: rx_push mode operation (writing descriptors via MMIO) - bnxt: use the auxiliary bus abstraction for RDMA - r8169: disable ASPM and reset bus in case of tx timeout - cpsw: support QSGMII mode for J721e CPSW9G - cpts: support pulse-per-second output - ngbe: add an mdio bus driver - usbnet: optimize usbnet_bh() by avoiding unnecessary queuing - r8152: handle devices with FW with NCM support - amd-xgbe: support 10Mbps, 2.5GbE speeds and rx-adaptation - virtio-net: support multi buffer XDP - virtio/vsock: replace virtio_vsock_pkt with sk_buff - tsnep: XDP support - Ethernet high-speed switches: - nVidia/Mellanox (mlxsw): - add support for latency TLV (in FW control messages) - Microchip (sparx5): - separate explicit and implicit traffic forwarding rules, make the implicit rules always active - add support for egress DSCP rewrite - IS0 VCAP support (Ingress Classification) - IS2 VCAP filters (protos, L3 addrs, L4 ports, flags, ToS etc.) - ES2 VCAP support (Egress Access Control) - support for Per-Stream Filtering and Policing (802.1Q, 8.6.5.1) - Ethernet embedded switches: - Marvell (mv88e6xxx): - add MAB (port auth) offload support - enable PTP receive for mv88e6390 - NXP (ocelot): - support MAC Merge layer - support for the the vsc7512 internal copper phys - Microchip: - lan9303: convert to PHYLINK - lan966x: support TC flower filter statistics - lan937x: PTP support for KSZ9563/KSZ8563 and LAN937x - lan937x: support Credit Based Shaper configuration - ksz9477: support Energy Efficient Ethernet - other: - qca8k: convert to regmap read/write API, use bulk operations - rswitch: Improve TX timestamp accuracy - Intel WiFi (iwlwifi): - EHT (Wi-Fi 7) rate reporting - STEP equalizer support: transfer some STEP (connection to radio on platforms with integrated wifi) related parameters from the BIOS to the firmware. - Qualcomm 802.11ax WiFi (ath11k): - IPQ5018 support - Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) responder role support - channel 177 support - MediaTek WiFi (mt76): - per-PHY LED support - mt7996: EHT (Wi-Fi 7) support - Wireless Ethernet Dispatch (WED) reset support - switch to using page pool allocator - RealTek WiFi (rtw89): - support new version of Bluetooth co-existance - Mobile: - rmnet: support TX aggregation" * tag 'net-next-6.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net-next: (1872 commits) page_pool: add a comment explaining the fragment counter usage net: ethtool: fix __ethtool_dev_mm_supported() implementation ethtool: pse-pd: Fix double word in comments xsk: add linux/vmalloc.h to xsk.c sefltests: netdevsim: wait for devlink instance after netns removal selftest: fib_tests: Always cleanup before exit net/mlx5e: Align IPsec ASO result memory to be as required by hardware net/mlx5e: TC, Set CT miss to the specific ct action instance net/mlx5e: Rename CHAIN_TO_REG to MAPPED_OBJ_TO_REG net/mlx5: Refactor tc miss handling to a single function net/mlx5: Kconfig: Make tc offload depend on tc skb extension net/sched: flower: Support hardware miss to tc action net/sched: flower: Move filter handle initialization earlier net/sched: cls_api: Support hardware miss to tc action net/sched: Rename user cookie and act cookie sfc: fix builds without CONFIG_RTC_LIB sfc: clean up some inconsistent indentings net/mlx4_en: Introduce flexible array to silence overflow warning net: lan966x: Fix possible deadlock inside PTP net/ulp: Remove redundant ->clone() test in inet_clone_ulp(). ... --- Documentation/process/applying-patches.rst | 444 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 444 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Documentation/process/applying-patches.rst (limited to 'Documentation/process/applying-patches.rst') diff --git a/Documentation/process/applying-patches.rst b/Documentation/process/applying-patches.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c269f5e1a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/process/applying-patches.rst @@ -0,0 +1,444 @@ +.. _applying_patches: + +Applying Patches To The Linux Kernel +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Original by: + Jesper Juhl, August 2005 + +.. note:: + + This document is obsolete. In most cases, rather than using ``patch`` + manually, you'll almost certainly want to look at using Git instead. + +A frequently asked question on the Linux Kernel Mailing List is how to apply +a patch to the kernel or, more specifically, what base kernel a patch for +one of the many trees/branches should be applied to. Hopefully this document +will explain this to you. + +In addition to explaining how to apply and revert patches, a brief +description of the different kernel trees (and examples of how to apply +their specific patches) is also provided. + + +What is a patch? +================ + +A patch is a small text document containing a delta of changes between two +different versions of a source tree. Patches are created with the ``diff`` +program. + +To correctly apply a patch you need to know what base it was generated from +and what new version the patch will change the source tree into. These +should both be present in the patch file metadata or be possible to deduce +from the filename. + + +How do I apply or revert a patch? +================================= + +You apply a patch with the ``patch`` program. The patch program reads a diff +(or patch) file and makes the changes to the source tree described in it. + +Patches for the Linux kernel are generated relative to the parent directory +holding the kernel source dir. + +This means that paths to files inside the patch file contain the name of the +kernel source directories it was generated against (or some other directory +names like "a/" and "b/"). + +Since this is unlikely to match the name of the kernel source dir on your +local machine (but is often useful info to see what version an otherwise +unlabeled patch was generated against) you should change into your kernel +source directory and then strip the first element of the path from filenames +in the patch file when applying it (the ``-p1`` argument to ``patch`` does +this). + +To revert a previously applied patch, use the -R argument to patch. +So, if you applied a patch like this:: + + patch -p1 < ../patch-x.y.z + +You can revert (undo) it like this:: + + patch -R -p1 < ../patch-x.y.z + + +How do I feed a patch/diff file to ``patch``? +============================================= + +This (as usual with Linux and other UNIX like operating systems) can be +done in several different ways. + +In all the examples below I feed the file (in uncompressed form) to patch +via stdin using the following syntax:: + + patch -p1 < path/to/patch-x.y.z + +If you just want to be able to follow the examples below and don't want to +know of more than one way to use patch, then you can stop reading this +section here. + +Patch can also get the name of the file to use via the -i argument, like +this:: + + patch -p1 -i path/to/patch-x.y.z + +If your patch file is compressed with gzip or xz and you don't want to +uncompress it before applying it, then you can feed it to patch like this +instead:: + + xzcat path/to/patch-x.y.z.xz | patch -p1 + bzcat path/to/patch-x.y.z.gz | patch -p1 + +If you wish to uncompress the patch file by hand first before applying it +(what I assume you've done in the examples below), then you simply run +gunzip or xz on the file -- like this:: + + gunzip patch-x.y.z.gz + xz -d patch-x.y.z.xz + +Which will leave you with a plain text patch-x.y.z file that you can feed to +patch via stdin or the ``-i`` argument, as you prefer. + +A few other nice arguments for patch are ``-s`` which causes patch to be silent +except for errors which is nice to prevent errors from scrolling out of the +screen too fast, and ``--dry-run`` which causes patch to just print a listing of +what would happen, but doesn't actually make any changes. Finally ``--verbose`` +tells patch to print more information about the work being done. + + +Common errors when patching +=========================== + +When patch applies a patch file it attempts to verify the sanity of the +file in different ways. + +Checking that the file looks like a valid patch file and checking the code +around the bits being modified matches the context provided in the patch are +just two of the basic sanity checks patch does. + +If patch encounters something that doesn't look quite right it has two +options. It can either refuse to apply the changes and abort or it can try +to find a way to make the patch apply with a few minor changes. + +One example of something that's not 'quite right' that patch will attempt to +fix up is if all the context matches, the lines being changed match, but the +line numbers are different. This can happen, for example, if the patch makes +a change in the middle of the file but for some reasons a few lines have +been added or removed near the beginning of the file. In that case +everything looks good it has just moved up or down a bit, and patch will +usually adjust the line numbers and apply the patch. + +Whenever patch applies a patch that it had to modify a bit to make it fit +it'll tell you about it by saying the patch applied with **fuzz**. +You should be wary of such changes since even though patch probably got it +right it doesn't /always/ get it right, and the result will sometimes be +wrong. + +When patch encounters a change that it can't fix up with fuzz it rejects it +outright and leaves a file with a ``.rej`` extension (a reject file). You can +read this file to see exactly what change couldn't be applied, so you can +go fix it up by hand if you wish. + +If you don't have any third-party patches applied to your kernel source, but +only patches from kernel.org and you apply the patches in the correct order, +and have made no modifications yourself to the source files, then you should +never see a fuzz or reject message from patch. If you do see such messages +anyway, then there's a high risk that either your local source tree or the +patch file is corrupted in some way. In that case you should probably try +re-downloading the patch and if things are still not OK then you'd be advised +to start with a fresh tree downloaded in full from kernel.org. + +Let's look a bit more at some of the messages patch can produce. + +If patch stops and presents a ``File to patch:`` prompt, then patch could not +find a file to be patched. Most likely you forgot to specify -p1 or you are +in the wrong directory. Less often, you'll find patches that need to be +applied with ``-p0`` instead of ``-p1`` (reading the patch file should reveal if +this is the case -- if so, then this is an error by the person who created +the patch but is not fatal). + +If you get ``Hunk #2 succeeded at 1887 with fuzz 2 (offset 7 lines).`` or a +message similar to that, then it means that patch had to adjust the location +of the change (in this example it needed to move 7 lines from where it +expected to make the change to make it fit). + +The resulting file may or may not be OK, depending on the reason the file +was different than expected. + +This often happens if you try to apply a patch that was generated against a +different kernel version than the one you are trying to patch. + +If you get a message like ``Hunk #3 FAILED at 2387.``, then it means that the +patch could not be applied correctly and the patch program was unable to +fuzz its way through. This will generate a ``.rej`` file with the change that +caused the patch to fail and also a ``.orig`` file showing you the original +content that couldn't be changed. + +If you get ``Reversed (or previously applied) patch detected! Assume -R? [n]`` +then patch detected that the change contained in the patch seems to have +already been made. + +If you actually did apply this patch previously and you just re-applied it +in error, then just say [n]o and abort this patch. If you applied this patch +previously and actually intended to revert it, but forgot to specify -R, +then you can say [**y**]es here to make patch revert it for you. + +This can also happen if the creator of the patch reversed the source and +destination directories when creating the patch, and in that case reverting +the patch will in fact apply it. + +A message similar to ``patch: **** unexpected end of file in patch`` or +``patch unexpectedly ends in middle of line`` means that patch could make no +sense of the file you fed to it. Either your download is broken, you tried to +feed patch a compressed patch file without uncompressing it first, or the patch +file that you are using has been mangled by a mail client or mail transfer +agent along the way somewhere, e.g., by splitting a long line into two lines. +Often these warnings can easily be fixed by joining (concatenating) the +two lines that had been split. + +As I already mentioned above, these errors should never happen if you apply +a patch from kernel.org to the correct version of an unmodified source tree. +So if you get these errors with kernel.org patches then you should probably +assume that either your patch file or your tree is broken and I'd advise you +to start over with a fresh download of a full kernel tree and the patch you +wish to apply. + + +Are there any alternatives to ``patch``? +======================================== + + +Yes there are alternatives. + +You can use the ``interdiff`` program (http://cyberelk.net/tim/patchutils/) to +generate a patch representing the differences between two patches and then +apply the result. + +This will let you move from something like 5.7.2 to 5.7.3 in a single +step. The -z flag to interdiff will even let you feed it patches in gzip or +bzip2 compressed form directly without the use of zcat or bzcat or manual +decompression. + +Here's how you'd go from 5.7.2 to 5.7.3 in a single step:: + + interdiff -z ../patch-5.7.2.gz ../patch-5.7.3.gz | patch -p1 + +Although interdiff may save you a step or two you are generally advised to +do the additional steps since interdiff can get things wrong in some cases. + +Another alternative is ``ketchup``, which is a python script for automatic +downloading and applying of patches (https://www.selenic.com/ketchup/). + +Other nice tools are diffstat, which shows a summary of changes made by a +patch; lsdiff, which displays a short listing of affected files in a patch +file, along with (optionally) the line numbers of the start of each patch; +and grepdiff, which displays a list of the files modified by a patch where +the patch contains a given regular expression. + + +Where can I download the patches? +================================= + +The patches are available at https://kernel.org/ +Most recent patches are linked from the front page, but they also have +specific homes. + +The 5.x.y (-stable) and 5.x patches live at + + https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/ + +The 5.x.y incremental patches live at + + https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/incr/ + +The -rc patches are not stored on the webserver but are generated on +demand from git tags such as + + https://git.kernel.org/torvalds/p/v5.1-rc1/v5.0 + +The stable -rc patches live at + + https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/stable-review/ + + +The 5.x kernels +=============== + +These are the base stable releases released by Linus. The highest numbered +release is the most recent. + +If regressions or other serious flaws are found, then a -stable fix patch +will be released (see below) on top of this base. Once a new 5.x base +kernel is released, a patch is made available that is a delta between the +previous 5.x kernel and the new one. + +To apply a patch moving from 5.6 to 5.7, you'd do the following (note +that such patches do **NOT** apply on top of 5.x.y kernels but on top of the +base 5.x kernel -- if you need to move from 5.x.y to 5.x+1 you need to +first revert the 5.x.y patch). + +Here are some examples:: + + # moving from 5.6 to 5.7 + + $ cd ~/linux-5.6 # change to kernel source dir + $ patch -p1 < ../patch-5.7 # apply the 5.7 patch + $ cd .. + $ mv linux-5.6 linux-5.7 # rename source dir + + # moving from 5.6.1 to 5.7 + + $ cd ~/linux-5.6.1 # change to kernel source dir + $ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-5.6.1 # revert the 5.6.1 patch + # source dir is now 5.6 + $ patch -p1 < ../patch-5.7 # apply new 5.7 patch + $ cd .. + $ mv linux-5.6.1 linux-5.7 # rename source dir + + +The 5.x.y kernels +================= + +Kernels with 3-digit versions are -stable kernels. They contain small(ish) +critical fixes for security problems or significant regressions discovered +in a given 5.x kernel. + +This is the recommended branch for users who want the most recent stable +kernel and are not interested in helping test development/experimental +versions. + +If no 5.x.y kernel is available, then the highest numbered 5.x kernel is +the current stable kernel. + +The -stable team provides normal as well as incremental patches. Below is +how to apply these patches. + +Normal patches +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +These patches are not incremental, meaning that for example the 5.7.3 +patch does not apply on top of the 5.7.2 kernel source, but rather on top +of the base 5.7 kernel source. + +So, in order to apply the 5.7.3 patch to your existing 5.7.2 kernel +source you have to first back out the 5.7.2 patch (so you are left with a +base 5.7 kernel source) and then apply the new 5.7.3 patch. + +Here's a small example:: + + $ cd ~/linux-5.7.2 # change to the kernel source dir + $ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-5.7.2 # revert the 5.7.2 patch + $ patch -p1 < ../patch-5.7.3 # apply the new 5.7.3 patch + $ cd .. + $ mv linux-5.7.2 linux-5.7.3 # rename the kernel source dir + +Incremental patches +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Incremental patches are different: instead of being applied on top +of base 5.x kernel, they are applied on top of previous stable kernel +(5.x.y-1). + +Here's the example to apply these:: + + $ cd ~/linux-5.7.2 # change to the kernel source dir + $ patch -p1 < ../patch-5.7.2-3 # apply the new 5.7.3 patch + $ cd .. + $ mv linux-5.7.2 linux-5.7.3 # rename the kernel source dir + + +The -rc kernels +=============== + +These are release-candidate kernels. These are development kernels released +by Linus whenever he deems the current git (the kernel's source management +tool) tree to be in a reasonably sane state adequate for testing. + +These kernels are not stable and you should expect occasional breakage if +you intend to run them. This is however the most stable of the main +development branches and is also what will eventually turn into the next +stable kernel, so it is important that it be tested by as many people as +possible. + +This is a good branch to run for people who want to help out testing +development kernels but do not want to run some of the really experimental +stuff (such people should see the sections about -next and -mm kernels below). + +The -rc patches are not incremental, they apply to a base 5.x kernel, just +like the 5.x.y patches described above. The kernel version before the -rcN +suffix denotes the version of the kernel that this -rc kernel will eventually +turn into. + +So, 5.8-rc5 means that this is the fifth release candidate for the 5.8 +kernel and the patch should be applied on top of the 5.7 kernel source. + +Here are 3 examples of how to apply these patches:: + + # first an example of moving from 5.7 to 5.8-rc3 + + $ cd ~/linux-5.7 # change to the 5.7 source dir + $ patch -p1 < ../patch-5.8-rc3 # apply the 5.8-rc3 patch + $ cd .. + $ mv linux-5.7 linux-5.8-rc3 # rename the source dir + + # now let's move from 5.8-rc3 to 5.8-rc5 + + $ cd ~/linux-5.8-rc3 # change to the 5.8-rc3 dir + $ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-5.8-rc3 # revert the 5.8-rc3 patch + $ patch -p1 < ../patch-5.8-rc5 # apply the new 5.8-rc5 patch + $ cd .. + $ mv linux-5.8-rc3 linux-5.8-rc5 # rename the source dir + + # finally let's try and move from 5.7.3 to 5.8-rc5 + + $ cd ~/linux-5.7.3 # change to the kernel source dir + $ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-5.7.3 # revert the 5.7.3 patch + $ patch -p1 < ../patch-5.8-rc5 # apply new 5.8-rc5 patch + $ cd .. + $ mv linux-5.7.3 linux-5.8-rc5 # rename the kernel source dir + + +The -mm patches and the linux-next tree +======================================= + +The -mm patches are experimental patches released by Andrew Morton. + +In the past, -mm tree were used to also test subsystem patches, but this +function is now done via the +`linux-next` (https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/linux-next.html) +tree. The Subsystem maintainers push their patches first to linux-next, +and, during the merge window, sends them directly to Linus. + +The -mm patches serve as a sort of proving ground for new features and other +experimental patches that aren't merged via a subsystem tree. +Once such patches has proved its worth in -mm for a while Andrew pushes +it on to Linus for inclusion in mainline. + +The linux-next tree is daily updated, and includes the -mm patches. +Both are in constant flux and contains many experimental features, a +lot of debugging patches not appropriate for mainline etc., and is the most +experimental of the branches described in this document. + +These patches are not appropriate for use on systems that are supposed to be +stable and they are more risky to run than any of the other branches (make +sure you have up-to-date backups -- that goes for any experimental kernel but +even more so for -mm patches or using a Kernel from the linux-next tree). + +Testing of -mm patches and linux-next is greatly appreciated since the whole +point of those are to weed out regressions, crashes, data corruption bugs, +build breakage (and any other bug in general) before changes are merged into +the more stable mainline Linus tree. + +But testers of -mm and linux-next should be aware that breakages are +more common than in any other tree. + + +This concludes this list of explanations of the various kernel trees. +I hope you are now clear on how to apply the various patches and help testing +the kernel. + +Thank you's to Randy Dunlap, Rolf Eike Beer, Linus Torvalds, Bodo Eggert, +Johannes Stezenbach, Grant Coady, Pavel Machek and others that I may have +forgotten for their reviews and contributions to this document. -- cgit v1.2.3